µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á¶ÔÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖʵÄÒâÒå
ÒýÑÔ
ÔÚÏÖ´ú¹¤ÒµºÍ»¯Ñ§ÁìÓò£¬´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÒѳÉΪÌáÉýÉú²úЧÂÊ¡¢½µµÍÄܺÄÒÔ¼°¸ÄÉÆ²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿µÄ¹Ø¼üÒòËØ¡£Ëæ×ſƼ¼µÄ½ø²½ºÍÊг¡ÐèÇóµÄ²»¶Ï±ä»¯£¬ÈËÃǶԴ߻¯¼ÁµÄÒªÇóÒ²ÈÕÒæÌá¸ß£¬ÌرðÊÇÔÚ»·±£ºÍ¸ßЧÄÜ·½Ãæ¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á×÷ΪһÖÖÐÂÐÍ´ß»¯²ÄÁÏ£¬ÒòÆä¶ÀÌØµÄÐÔÄܺ͹㷺µÄÓ¦ÓÃǰ¾°£¬Öð½¥Êܵ½Ñ§Êõ½çºÍ¹¤Òµ½çµÄ¹ã·º¹Ø×¢¡£±¾ÎĽ«ÉîÈë̽ÌÖµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á¶ÔÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖʵÄÒâÒ壬²¢½áºÏ¹úÄÚÍâеÄÑо¿³É¹û£¬Ïêϸ·ÖÎöÆäÔÚ²»Í¬ÁìÓòµÄÓ¦ÓÃЧ¹û¡£
Ê×ÏÈ£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¸ÅÄîÐèÒªÃ÷È·¡£Ëùν¡°µÍÎí»¯¡±£¬Ö¸µÄÊǸÃÀà´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚʹÓùý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄÆøÈܽº»ò΢С¿ÅÁ£¼«ÉÙ£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔºöÂÔ²»¼Æ£¬´Ó¶ø±ÜÃâÁË´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚʹÓÃʱ¿ÉÄÜ´øÀ´µÄ»·¾³ÎÛȾÎÊÌâ¡£¶ø¡°ÎÞζ¡±ÔòÒâζןô߻¯¼ÁÔÚ·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖв»»áÊͷųöÈκÎÒìÎ¶ÆøÌ壬½øÒ»²½ÌáÉýÁ˹¤×÷»·¾³µÄ°²È«ÐÔºÍÊæÊʶȡ£ÕâÖÖÌØÐÔʹµÃµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚʳƷ¼Ó¹¤¡¢Ò½Ò©ÖÆÔì¡¢»¯×±Æ·Éú²úµÈ¶Ô»·¾³ÒªÇ󼫸ߵÄÐÐÒµÖоßÓÐÏÔÖøÓÅÊÆ¡£
Æä´Î£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÑз¢±³¾°ÓëÊг¡ÐèÇóÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£Ëæ×ÅÈ«Çò¶Ô»·¾³±£»¤µÄÖØÊӳ̶Ȳ»¶ÏÌá¸ß£¬´«Í³µÄ¸ßÎÛȾ¡¢¸ßÄܺĴ߻¯¼ÁÖð½¥±»ÌÔÌ£¬È¡¶ø´úÖ®µÄÊǸü¼Ó»·±£¡¢¸ßЧµÄÐÂÐÍ´ß»¯¼Á¡£ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚһЩ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¬Õþ¸®¶Ô¹¤ÒµÅŷűê×¼µÄÒªÇóÔ½À´Ô½Ñϸñ£¬ÆóÒµ±ØÐëѰÕÒ¸üÇå½àµÄÉú²ú¹¤ÒÕÀ´Âú×ã·¨¹æÒªÇó¡£´ËÍ⣬Ïû·ÑÕß¶Ô²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿µÄÒªÇóÒ²ÔÚ²»¶ÏÌáÉý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚʳƷ¡¢Ò©Æ·µÈÖ±½Ó¹ØÏµµ½ÈËÌ彡¿µµÄÁìÓò£¬²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐԺʹ¿¾»¶È³ÉΪÁ˺âÁ¿ÖÊÁ¿µÄÖØÒªÖ¸±ê¡£Òò´Ë£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÑз¢²»½öÊÇΪÁËÓ¦¶Ô»·±£Ñ¹Á¦£¬¸üÊÇΪÁËÂú×ãÊг¡¶Ô¸ßÆ·ÖʲúÆ·µÄÐèÇó¡£
ºó£¬±¾ÎĽ«Í¨¹ý¶Ô±È´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÓëµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÐÔÄܲîÒ죬½áºÏ¾ßÌåµÄÓ¦Óð¸Àý£¬ÉîÈë·ÖÎöµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½ÃæµÄ¶ÀÌØ×÷Óá£Í¬Ê±£¬ÎÄÕ»¹½«ÒýÓôóÁ¿¹úÄÚÍâȨÍþÎÄÏ×£¬Õ¹Ê¾¸ÃÁìÓòµÄÐÂÑо¿½øÕ¹£¬²¢ÎªÎ´À´µÄÑо¿·½ÏòÌṩ²Î¿¼¡£Ï£Íûͨ¹ý±¾ÎĵÄ̽ÌÖ£¬Äܹ»ÎªÏà¹ØÁìÓòµÄÑо¿ÈËÔ±ºÍÆóÒµÌṩÓмÛÖµµÄ¼û½â£¬Íƶ¯µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¹ã·ºÓ¦Óúͷ¢Õ¹¡£
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»ù±¾ÔÀí
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÖ®ËùÒÔÄܹ»ÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½Ãæ·¢»ÓÖØÒª×÷Ó㬹ؼüÔÚÓÚÆä¶ÀÌØµÄÎïÀíºÍ»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔ¡£ÕâÀà´ß»¯¼Áͨ³£ÓÉÄÉÃ×¼¶»ò΢Ã×¼¶µÄ»îÐԳɷÖ×é³É£¬¾ßÓи߶ȷÖÉ¢ÐԺͽϴóµÄ±È±íÃæ»ý£¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ß´ß»¯·´Ó¦µÄЧÂÊ¡£Æä»ù±¾ÔÀí¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ãæ½øÐнâÊÍ£º
1. Îí»¯ÌØÐÔµÄÓÅ»¯
´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚʹÓùý³ÌÖУ¬ÍùÍù»áÒòΪ¸ßΡ¢¸ßѹ»òÆäËûÍâ½çÌõ¼þµÄÓ°Ï죬²úÉú´óÁ¿µÄÆøÈܽº»ò΢С¿ÅÁ£¡£ÕâЩ¿ÅÁ£²»½ö»áÎÛȾ»·¾³£¬»¹¿ÉÄܶÔÉú²úÉ豸ºÍ²Ù×÷ÈËÔ±Ôì³ÉΣº¦¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ý¸Ä½ø´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ΢¹Û½á¹¹ºÍ±íÃæÐÔÖÊ£¬ÓÐЧ¼õÉÙÁËÆøÈܽºµÄÉú³É¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬µÍÎí»¯´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¿ÅÁ£³ß´çͨ³£ÔÚ10-100ÄÉÃ×Ö®¼ä£¬Ô¶Ð¡ÓÚ´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¿ÅÁ£³ß´ç£¨Í¨³£ÔÚ¼¸°ÙÄÉÃ×µ½¼¸Î¢Ã×Ö®¼ä£©¡£½ÏСµÄ¿ÅÁ£³ß´ç²»½öÓÐÖúÓÚÌá¸ß´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ·ÖÉ¢ÐÔ£¬»¹ÄܼõÉÙ¿ÅÁ£Ö®¼äµÄÍžÛÏÖÏ󣬴Ӷø½µµÍÁËÎí»¯µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£
´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ±íÃæ¾¹ýÌØÊâ´¦Àí£¬¾ßÓнϵ͵ıíÃæÄܺͽϸߵÄÈóʪÐÔ¡£ÕâʹµÃ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÒºÌå»òÆøÌå½éÖÊÖÐÄܹ»¸üºÃµØ·ÖÉ¢£¬¼õÉÙÁËÒò±íÃæÕÅÁ¦ÒýÆðµÄÆøÅÝÐÎ³ÉºÍÆøÈܽºÊÍ·Å¡£¸ù¾Ý¹úÍâÎÄÏ×±¨µÀ£¬ÃÀ¹ú¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄÑо¿ÍŶÓͨ¹ý¶ÔµÍÎí»¯´ß»¯¼Á±íÃæ½øÐÐÊèË®¸ÄÐÔ£¬³É¹¦½«´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÎí»¯ÂʽµµÍÁË90%ÒÔÉÏ£¨smith et al., 2021£©¡£
2. ÎÞÎ¶ÌØÐÔµÄʵÏÖ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÁíÒ»¸öÖØÒªÌØÐÔÊÇÆäÔÚ·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖв»»áÊÍ·ÅÈκÎÒìÎ¶ÆøÌå¡£ÕâÒ»ÌØÐÔÖ÷ÒªµÃÒæÓÚ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»¯Ñ§×é³ÉºÍ·´Ó¦»úÖÆµÄÓÅ»¯¡£´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚ·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖпÉÄÜ»á²úÉú¸±²úÎÈç»Ó·¢ÐÔÓлú»¯ºÏÎvocs£©¡¢°±Æø¡¢Áò»¯ÇâµÈ£¬ÕâЩÎïÖʲ»½ö»á¶Ô»·¾³Ôì³ÉÎÛȾ£¬»¹¿ÉÄܶÔÈËÌ彡¿µ²úÉú²»Á¼Ó°Ïì¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÑ¡ÔñºÏÊʵĻîÐÔ×é·ÖºÍÔØÌå²ÄÁÏ£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧµØÒÖÖÆ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É£¬È·±£·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖÐµÄÆøÌåÅÅ·Å·ûºÏ»·±£±ê×¼¡£
ÀýÈ磬µÂ¹úĽÄáºÚ¹¤Òµ´óѧµÄÑо¿ÍŶӿª·¢ÁËÒ»ÖÖ»ùÓÚ½ðÊôÑõ»¯ÎïµÄµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚµÍÎÂÌõ¼þϱíÏÖ³öÓÅÒìµÄ´ß»¯ÐÔÄÜ£¬ÇÒÔÚ·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖм¸ºõ²»²úÉúÈκÎÒìÎ¶ÆøÌ壨schmidt et al., 2020£©¡£Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»îÐÔ×é·ÖΪ¶þÑõ»¯îÑ£¨tio?£©£¬²¢²ÉÓÃÁËÌØÊâµÄÖÆ±¸¹¤ÒÕ£¬Ê¹Æä¾ßÓнϸߵĽᾧ¶ÈºÍÎȶ¨µÄ¾§¸ñ½á¹¹¡£ÕâÖֽṹ²»½öÌá¸ßÁË´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»îÐÔ£¬»¹ÓÐЧµØ×èÖ¹Á˸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É£¬È·±£ÁË·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌµÄÎÞζÐÔ¡£
3. ´ß»¯·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÁíÒ»´óÓÅÊÆÔÚÓÚÆä¾ßÓнϸߵÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£Ñ¡ÔñÐÔÊÇÖ¸´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚ¸´ÔÓ·´Ó¦ÌåϵÖÐÄܹ»ÓÅÏÈ´Ù½øÄ¿±ê·´Ó¦£¬¶øÒÖÖÆÆäËû¸±·´Ó¦µÄÄÜÁ¦¡£´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÓÉÓÚ»îÐÔλµã·Ö²¼²»¾ùÔÈ£¬ÍùÍù»áµ¼Ö¸±·´Ó¦µÄ·¢Éú£¬´Ó¶øÓ°Ïì²úÆ·µÄ´¿¶ÈºÍÖÊÁ¿¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ý¾«È·µ÷¿Ø»îÐÔλµãµÄÊýÁ¿ºÍ·Ö²¼£¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ß·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬È·±£Ä¿±ê²úÎïµÄ¸ß²úÂʺ͸ßÖÊÁ¿¡£
ÒÔÈÕ±¾¶«¾©´óѧµÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿ÎªÀý£¬Ñо¿ÈËÔ±¿ª·¢ÁËÒ»ÖÖ»ùÓÚ¹ó½ðÊôîÙ£¨pd£©µÄµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á£¬ÓÃÓÚ´ß»¯¼ÓÇâ·´Ó¦¡£ÊµÑé½á¹û±íÃ÷£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÑ¡ÔñÐÔ¼ÓÇâ·´Ó¦ÖбíÏÖ³öÓÅÒìµÄÐÔÄÜ£¬Ä¿±ê²úÎïµÄÑ¡ÔñÐԸߴï98%ÒÔÉÏ£¨tanaka et al., 2019£©¡£´ËÍ⣬¸Ã´ß»¯¼Á»¹¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚ³¤Ê±¼äÁ¬ÐøÔËÐеÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Æä´ß»¯»îÐÔҲûÓÐÃ÷ÏÔϽµ£¬ÏÔʾ³öÓÅÒìµÄÄ;ÃÐÔ¡£
4. »·¾³ÓѺÃÐÔ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»·¾³ÓѺÃÐÔÊÇÆäÏÔÖøµÄÌØµãÖ®Ò»¡£´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÉú²úºÍʹÓùý³ÌÖУ¬ÍùÍù»á²úÉú´óÁ¿µÄ·ÏÆø¡¢·ÏË®ºÍ·ÏÔü£¬¶Ô»·¾³Ôì³ÉÑÏÖØÎÛȾ¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔòͨ¹ý²ÉÓÃÂÌÉ«ºÏ³É¼¼ÊõºÍ¿ÉÔÙÉú×ÊÔ´£¬´ó´ó¼õÉÙÁ˶Ի·¾³µÄ¸ºÃæÓ°Ïì¡£ÀýÈ磬Öйú¿ÆÑ§Ôº»¯Ñ§Ñо¿ËùµÄÑо¿ÍŶӿª·¢ÁËÒ»ÖÖ»ùÓÚÉúÎïÖʵĵÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼ÁÒÔÖ²ÎïÏËÎ¬ËØÎªÔÁÏ£¬¾¹ý¼òµ¥µÄ»¯Ñ§´¦ÀíºóÖÆ±¸¶ø³É£¨li et al., 2021£©¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼Á²»½ö¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄ´ß»¯ÐÔÄÜ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖм¸ºõ²»²úÉúÈκÎÎÛȾÎ·ûºÏ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄÒªÇó¡£
×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÓÅ»¯´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÎïÀíºÍ»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔ£¬ÊµÏÖÁËÎí»¯Âʵ͡¢ÎÞÒìζ¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÐԸߡ¢Îȶ¨ÐÔºÃÒÔ¼°»·¾³ÓѺõĶàÖØÓÅÊÆ¡£ÕâÐ©ÌØÐÔʹµÃµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½Ãæ¾ßÓв»¿ÉÌæ´úµÄ×÷Óã¬ÓÈÆäÔÚ¶Ô»·¾³ºÍ²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿ÒªÇ󼫸ߵÄÐÐÒµÖÐÓй㷺µÄÓ¦ÓÃǰ¾°¡£
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ²úÆ·²ÎÊý
ΪÁ˸üºÃµØÀí½âµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÐÔÄܼ°ÆäÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½ÃæµÄÓÅÊÆ£¬ÒÔÏÂÊǼ¸ÖÖ³£¼ûµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÖ÷Òª²úÆ·²ÎÊý¡£ÕâЩ²ÎÊýº¸ÇÁË´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÎïÀíÌØÐÔ¡¢»¯Ñ§×é³É¡¢´ß»¯ÐÔÄÜÒÔ¼°»·¾³Ó°ÏìµÈ·½Ã棬Äܹ»Îª¶ÁÕßÌá¹©È«ÃæµÄ¼¼Êõ²Î¿¼¡£
1. ÎïÀíÌØÐÔ
| ²ÎÊýÃû³Æ | µ¥Î» | µäÐÍÖµ | ±¸×¢ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ƽ¾ùÁ£¾¶ | nm | 10-100 | ¿ÅÁ£³ß´çԽС£¬Îí»¯ÂÊÔ½µÍ |
| ±È±íÃæ»ý | m?/g | 50-300 | ½Ï´óµÄ±È±íÃæ»ýÓÐÀûÓÚÌá¸ß´ß»¯»îÐÔ |
| ¿×¾¶·Ö²¼ | nm | 2-50 | Êʵ±µÄ¿×¾¶ÓÐÖúÓÚ·´Ó¦ÎïµÄÀ©É¢ºÍÎü¸½ |
| ÃÜ¶È | g/cm? | 1.5-3.0 | Ó°Ïì´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ»úеǿ¶ÈºÍÄÍÄ¥ÐÔ |
| ÈÈÎȶ¨ÐÔ | ¡ãc | 300-600 | Ä͸ßÎÂÐÔÄܾö¶¨ÁË´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÊÊÓ÷¶Î§ |
2. »¯Ñ§×é³É
| »îÐÔ×é·Ö | ÔØÌå²ÄÁÏ | Öú¼Á | ±¸×¢ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ¶þÑõ»¯îÑ£¨tio?£© | Ñõ»¯ÂÁ£¨al?o?£© | ¹èÍéżÁª¼Á | tio?¾ßÓÐÓÅÒìµÄ¹â´ß»¯ÐÔÄÜ£¬ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹â½âË®ÖÆÇâµÈÁìÓò |
| îÙ£¨pd£© | ̼£¨c£© | Á×ÑÎ | pd´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚ¼ÓÇâ·´Ó¦ÖбíÏÖ³ö¸ßÑ¡ÔñÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ |
| ²¬£¨pt£© | ¶þÑõ»¯¹è£¨sio?£© | ½ðÊôÑõ»¯Îï | pt´ß»¯¼Á¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÆû³µÎ²Æø¾»»¯ |
| ½ðÊôÑõ»¯Î︴ºÏÎï | ½ðÊôÓлú¿ò¼Ü£¨mof£© | ÎÞ»úÑÎ | ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¶àÏà´ß»¯·´Ó¦£¬¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄÎü¸½ÐÔÄÜ |
3. ´ß»¯ÐÔÄÜ
| ·´Ó¦ÀàÐÍ | Ä¿±ê²úÎïÑ¡ÔñÐÔ | ´ß»¯¼ÁÊÙÃü | ´ß»¯¼Á»îÐÔ | ±¸×¢ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ¼ÓÇâ·´Ó¦ | >98% | >1000Сʱ | ¸ß | ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¾«Ï¸»¯¹¤ºÍÖÆÒ©ÐÐÒµ |
| Ñõ»¯·´Ó¦ | >95% | >500Сʱ | ÖÐµÈ | ÊÊÓÃÓÚ·ÏÆø´¦ÀíºÍÓлúºÏ³É |
| ¹â´ß»¯·´Ó¦ | >90% | >2000Сʱ | ¸ß | ÊÊÓÃÓÚ»·±£ºÍÐÂÄÜÔ´ÁìÓò |
| µç´ß»¯·´Ó¦ | >97% | >1500Сʱ | ¸ß | ÊÊÓÃÓÚȼÁÏµç³ØºÍµç½âË® |
4. »·¾³Ó°Ïì
| »·±£Ö¸±ê | µ¥Î» | µäÐÍÖµ | ±¸×¢ |
|---|---|---|---|
| vocsÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ | mg/m? | <10 | ·ûºÏÅ·Ã˺ÍÃÀ¹úµÄ»·±£±ê×¼ |
| ·ÏË®ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ | l/kg | <0.1 | ²ÉÓÃÂÌÉ«ºÏ³É¼¼Êõ£¬¼õÉÙ·ÏË®²úÉú |
| ¹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎï²úÉúÁ¿ | kg/t | <0.5 | ʹÓÿÉÔÙÉú×ÊÔ´£¬½µµÍ¹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎï |
| ÄÜºÄ | kwh/kg | <2 | µÍÄܺÄÉè¼Æ£¬½ÚÔ¼ÄÜÔ´³É±¾ |
5. °²È«ÐÔ
| °²È«Ö¸±ê | µ¥Î» | µäÐÍÖµ | ±¸×¢ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ¶¾ÐÔ | ld50 (mg/kg) | >5000 | ÎÞ¶¾»òµÍ¶¾ÐÔ£¬·ûºÏʳƷ°²È«±ê×¼ |
| ±¬Õ¨¼«ÏÞ | % | ÎÞ | ²»Ò×ȼ£¬ÊÊÓÃÓÚΣÏÕ»·¾³ |
| ¸¯Ê´ÐÔ | ph | 6-8 | ¶ÔÉ豸ÎÞ¸¯Ê´£¬ÑÓ³¤Ê¹ÓÃÊÙÃü |
| Ö°©ÐÔ | – | ÎÞ | ¾¹ý³¤ÆÚ¶¯ÎïʵÑéÑéÖ¤£¬ÎÞÖ°©·çÏÕ |
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½ÃæµÄ¾ßÌåÓ¦ÓÃ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áƾ½èÆä¶ÀÌØµÄÎïÀíºÍ»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔ£¬ÔÚ¶à¸öÐÐÒµÖеõ½Á˹㷺ӦÓã¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ¶Ô²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿ºÍ»·¾³ÒªÇ󼫸ߵÄÁìÓò¡£ÒÔÏÂÊǼ¸¸öµäÐ͵ÄÓ¦Óð¸Àý£¬Õ¹Ê¾Á˵ÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÈçºÎÔÚʵ¼ÊÉú²úÖÐÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ¡£
1. ʳƷ¼Ó¹¤ÐÐÒµ
ʳƷ¼Ó¹¤ÐÐÒµµÄºËÐÄÒªÇóÊÇÈ·±£²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐÔ¡¢´¿¾»¶ÈºÍ¿Ú¸Ð¡£´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚʳƷ¼Ó¹¤¹ý³ÌÖпÉÄÜ»áÒýÈëÓк¦ÎïÖÊ»ò²úÉúÒìζ£¬Ó°Ïì²úÆ·µÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÏû·ÑÕߵĽÓÊܶȡ£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÎªÊ³Æ·¼Ó¹¤ÌṩÁ˸ü¼Ó°²È«ºÍ¸ßЧµÄ½â¾ö·½°¸¡£
°¸Àý1£ºÓÍÖ¬Ç⻯
ÓÍÖ¬Ç⻯ÊÇʳƷ¼Ó¹¤Öг£¼ûµÄ¹¤ÒÕ£¬ÓÃÓÚÌá¸ßÓÍÖ¬µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔºÍÑÓ³¤±£ÖÊÆÚ¡£È»¶ø£¬´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÇ⻯¹ý³ÌÖпÉÄÜ»á²úÉú·´Ê½Ö¬·¾£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¶ÔÈËÌ彡¿µÓꦵÄÎïÖÊ¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÓÅ»¯´ß»¯·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧÒÖÖÆ·´Ê½Ö¬·¾µÄÉú³É£¬È·±£²úÆ·µÄ½¡¿µÐԺͰ²È«ÐÔ¡£
¸ù¾ÝÃÀ¹úũҵ²¿£¨usda£©µÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿±¨¸æ£¬Ê¹ÓõÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á½øÐÐÓÍÖ¬Ç⻯µÄʵÑé½á¹ûÏÔʾ£¬·´Ê½Ö¬·¾µÄº¬Á¿´Ó´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ8%½µÖÁ²»µ½1%£¨johnson et al., 2022£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á»¹Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ßÇ⻯·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬Ê¹ÓÍÖ¬µÄµâÖµ£¨iv£©±£³ÖÔÚÊÊÒË·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬È·±£²úÆ·µÄ¿Ú¸ÐºÍÓªÑø¼ÛÖµ²»ÊÜÓ°Ïì¡£
°¸Àý2£º¹ûÖ³ÎÇå
¹ûÖ³ÎÇåÊÇʳƷ¼Ó¹¤ÖеÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª»·½Ú£¬Ö¼ÔÚÈ¥³ý¹ûÖÖеÄÐü¸¡¿ÅÁ£ºÍÔÓÖÊ£¬Ìá¸ß²úÆ·µÄ͸Ã÷¶ÈºÍ¿Ú¸Ð¡£´«Í³³ÎÇå¼Á¿ÉÄܻᵼÖ¹ûÖ·çζµÄ¸Ä±ä£¬ÉõÖÁÒýÈëÓк¦ÎïÖÊ¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÎü¸½ºÍ¹ýÂË×÷Óã¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧȥ³ý¹ûÖÖеÄÔÓÖÊ£¬¶ø²»Ó°ÏìÆäÌìÈ»·çζ¡£
Öйúũҵ´óѧµÄÑо¿ÍŶӿª·¢ÁËÒ»ÖÖ»ùÓÚ»îÐÔÌ¿µÄµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á£¬ÓÃÓÚ¹ûÖ³ÎÇ塣ʵÑé½á¹û±íÃ÷£¬¸Ã´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÈ¥³ý¹ûÖÖÐÐü¸¡¿ÅÁ£µÄͬʱ£¬Äܹ»±£³Ö¹ûÖµÄÔÓзçζºÍÓªÑø³É·Ö£¨wang et al., 2021£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓû¹¼õÉÙÁË´«Í³³ÎÇå¼ÁµÄÓÃÁ¿£¬½µµÍÁËÉú²ú³É±¾£¬ÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦¡£
2. Ò½Ò©ÖÆÔìÐÐÒµ
Ò½Ò©ÖÆÔìÐÐÒµ¶Ô²úÆ·µÄ´¿¶ÈºÍ°²È«ÐÔÓÐ׿«¸ßµÄÒªÇó£¬ÈκÎ΢Á¿µÄÔÓÖÊ»òÒìζ¶¼¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÒ©ÎïʧЧ»òÒý·¢²»Á¼·´Ó¦¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÒ½Ò©ÖÆÔìÖеÄÓ¦Ó㬲»½öÄܹ»Ìá¸ßÒ©ÎïµÄºÏ³ÉЧÂÊ£¬»¹ÄÜÈ·±£²úÆ·µÄ¸ßÖÊÁ¿ºÍ°²È«ÐÔ¡£
°¸Àý1£ºÒ©ÎïºÏ³É
Ò©ÎïºÏ³ÉÊÇÒ½Ò©ÖÆÔìµÄºËÐÄ»·½Ú£¬Éæ¼°¸´ÔӵĻ¯Ñ§·´Ó¦ºÍ¶à²½´ß»¯¹ý³Ì¡£´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚÒ©ÎïºÏ³ÉÖпÉÄÜ»áÒýÈëÔÓÖÊ»ò²úÉú¸±²úÎӰÏìÒ©ÎïµÄ´¿¶ÈºÍÁÆÐ§¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ý¾«È·µ÷¿Ø´ß»¯·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧ¼õÉÙ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É£¬È·±£Ò©ÎïµÄ¸ß´¿¶ÈºÍ¸ßÊÕÂÊ¡£
µÂ¹úÂí¿Ë˹¡¤ÆÕÀÊ¿ËÑо¿ËùµÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿ÏÔʾ£¬Ê¹ÓõÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á½øÐÐÒ©ÎïºÏ³É£¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ßÄ¿±ê²úÎïµÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬¼õÉÙ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É¡£ÀýÈ磬Ôںϳɿ¹Ö×ÁöÒ©Îï×Ïɼ´¼µÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃÄ¿±ê²úÎïµÄÊÕÂÊ´Ó´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ60%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË90%ÒÔÉÏ£¨krause et al., 2020£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á»¹Äܹ»¼õÉÙÒ©ÎïÖеÄÖØ½ðÊô²ÐÁô£¬È·±£²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐÔ¡£
°¸Àý2£ºÒ©Îï´¿»¯
Ò©Îï´¿»¯ÊÇÒ½Ò©ÖÆÔìÖеĹؼü²½Ö裬ּÔÚÈ¥³ýÒ©ÎïÖеÄÔÓÖʺ͸±²úÎȷ±£²úÆ·µÄ´¿¶ÈºÍ°²È«ÐÔ¡£´«Í³´¿»¯·½·¨¿ÉÄܻᵼÖÂÒ©ÎïµÄËðʧ»òÒýÈëеÄÔÓÖÊ¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÎü¸½ºÍ·ÖÀë×÷Óã¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧȥ³ýÒ©ÎïÖеÄÔÓÖÊ£¬¶ø²»Ó°ÏìÆä»îÐԳɷ֡£
ÃÀ¹úʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí¾Ö£¨fda£©µÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿Ö¸³ö£¬Ê¹ÓõÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á½øÐÐÒ©Îï´¿»¯£¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ßÒ©ÎïµÄ´¿¶È£¬¼õÉÙÔÓÖʵĺ¬Á¿¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ´¿»¯¿¹°©Ò©Îï°¢Ã¹ËØµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃÒ©ÎïµÄ´¿¶È´Ó95%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË99.5%£¨brown et al., 2021£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓû¹¼õÉÙÁË´«Í³´¿»¯·½·¨ËùÐèµÄÈܼÁÁ¿£¬½µµÍÁËÉú²ú³É±¾£¬ÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦¡£
3. »¯×±Æ·Éú²úÐÐÒµ
»¯×±Æ·Éú²úÐÐÒµ¶Ô²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐԺʹ¿¾»¶ÈÓÐ×ÅÑϸñµÄÒªÇó£¬ÈκÎ΢Á¿µÄÔÓÖÊ»òÒìζ¶¼»áÓ°Ïì²úÆ·µÄʹÓÃÌåÑéºÍÏû·ÑÕßµÄÂúÒâ¶È¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚ»¯×±Æ·Éú²úÖеÄÓ¦Ó㬲»½öÄܹ»Ìá¸ß²úÆ·µÄÖÊÁ¿£¬»¹ÄÜÈ·±£²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£
°¸Àý1£ºÏãÁϺϳÉ
ÏãÁÏÊÇ»¯×±Æ·ÖеÄÖØÒª³É·Ö£¬¸³Óè²úÆ·¶ÀÌØµÄÏãÆø¡£È»¶ø£¬´«Í³ÏãÁϺϳɹý³ÌÖпÉÄÜ»á²úÉúÒìζ»òÒýÈëÓк¦ÎïÖÊ£¬Ó°Ïì²úÆ·µÄʹÓÃÌåÑé¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÓÅ»¯´ß»¯·´Ó¦µÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧ¼õÉÙ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É£¬È·±£ÏãÁϵĸßÖÊÁ¿ºÍ¸ß´¿¶È¡£
·¨¹ú¹ú¼Ò¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿ÖÐÐÄ£¨cnrs£©µÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿ÏÔʾ£¬Ê¹ÓõÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á½øÐÐÏãÁϺϳɣ¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ßÄ¿±ê²úÎïµÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔ£¬¼õÉÙ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔںϳÉÌìÈ»ÏãÁÏõ¹å¾«Ó͵Ĺý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃÄ¿±ê²úÎïµÄÊÕÂÊ´Ó´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ70%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË95%ÒÔÉÏ£¨dubois et al., 2021£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á»¹Äܹ»¼õÉÙÏãÁÏÖеÄÔÓÖʺ¬Á¿£¬È·±£²úÆ·µÄ°²È«ÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ¡£
°¸Àý2£º»¤·ôÆ·Åä·½ÓÅ»¯
»¤·ôÆ·ÊÇ»¯×±Æ·ÖеÄÖØÒªÀà±ð£¬ÆäÅä·½µÄÓÅ»¯¶ÔÓÚ²úÆ·µÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍʹÓÃÌåÑéÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª¡£´«Í³»¤·ôÆ·Åä·½ÖпÉÄÜ»áÒýÈëÓк¦ÎïÖÊ»ò²úÉúÒìζ£¬Ó°Ïì²úÆ·µÄʹÓÃÌåÑé¡£µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ¹ýÎü¸½ºÍ·ÖÀë×÷Óã¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧȥ³ý»¤·ôÆ·ÖеÄÔÓÖÊ£¬¶ø²»Ó°ÏìÆä»îÐԳɷ֡£
Öйú¿ÆÑ§Ôº»¯Ñ§Ñо¿ËùµÄÒ»ÏîÑо¿Ö¸³ö£¬Ê¹ÓõÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á½øÐл¤·ôÆ·Åä·½ÓÅ»¯£¬Äܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ß²úÆ·µÄ´¿¾»¶È£¬¼õÉÙÔÓÖʵĺ¬Á¿¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÓÅ»¯Ò»¿î¿¹Ë¥ÀÏÃæËªµÄÅ䷽ʱ£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ²úÆ·µÄ´¿¾»¶È´Ó90%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË98%£¨zhang et al., 2021£©¡£´ËÍ⣬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓû¹¼õÉÙÁË´«Í³Åä·½ÖÐËùÐèµÄÌí¼Ó¼Á£¬½µµÍÁËÉú²ú³É±¾£¬ÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦¡£
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¾¼ÃÐ§ÒæºÍÉç»áÐ§Òæ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á²»½öÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½Ãæ¾ßÓÐÏÔÖøÓÅÊÆ£¬»¹ÔÚ¾¼ÃÐ§ÒæºÍÉç»áÐ§Òæ·½Ãæ´øÀ´ÁËÖî¶à»ý¼«Ó°Ïì¡£ÒÔϽ«´ÓÕâÁ½¸ö·½Ãæ½øÐÐÏêϸ·ÖÎö¡£
1. ¾¼ÃÐ§Òæ
1.1 ½µµÍÉú²ú³É±¾
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»ÏÔÖø½µµÍÉú²ú³É±¾£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺
-
¼õÉÙÔ²ÄÁÏÀË·Ñ£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á¾ßÓнϸߵÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ£¬Äܹ»ÓÐЧ¼õÉÙ¸±²úÎïµÄÉú³É£¬½µµÍÔ²ÄÁϵÄÀË·Ñ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÒ©ÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃÄ¿±ê²úÎïµÄÊÕÂÊ´Ó60%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË90%ÒÔÉÏ£¬ÏÔÖø¼õÉÙÁËÔ²ÄÁϵÄÏûºÄ£¨krause et al., 2020£©¡£
-
¼õÉÙÄܺģºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áͨ³£¾ßÓнϵ͵ĻÄÜ£¬Äܹ»ÔڽϵÍζÈÏÂʵÏÖ¸ßЧµÄ´ß»¯·´Ó¦£¬´Ó¶ø½µµÍÄܺġ£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÓÍÖ¬Ç⻯¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ·´Ó¦Î¶ȴӴ«Í³µÄ200¡ãc½µÖÁ150¡ãc£¬ÏÔÖø¼õÉÙÁËÄÜÔ´ÏûºÄ£¨johnson et al., 2022£©¡£
-
¼õÉÙ·ÏÆúÎï´¦Àí³É±¾£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»¼õÉÙÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄ·ÏÆø¡¢·ÏË®ºÍ¹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎ½µµÍ·ÏÆúÎï´¦Àí³É±¾¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ¹ûÖ³ÎÇå¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓüõÉÙÁË´«Í³³ÎÇå¼ÁµÄÓÃÁ¿£¬½µµÍÁË·ÏË®´¦Àí³É±¾£¨wang et al., 2021£©¡£
1.2 Ìá¸ß²úÆ·¸½¼ÓÖµ
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÄܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ß²úÆ·µÄ¸½¼ÓÖµ£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺
-
ÌáÉý²úÆ·ÖÊÁ¿£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÄܹ»È·±£²úÆ·µÄ¸ß´¿¶ÈºÍ¸ßÖÊÁ¿£¬Âú×ãÊг¡¶Ô¸ß¶Ë²úÆ·µÄÐèÇó¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÒ©ÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃÒ©ÎïµÄ´¿¶È´Ó95%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË99.5%£¬ÏÔÖøÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦£¨brown et al., 2021£©¡£
-
ÑÓ³¤²úÆ·±£ÖÊÆÚ£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÄܹ»Ìá¸ß²úÆ·µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔºÍÄ;ÃÐÔ£¬ÑÓ³¤²úÆ·µÄ±£ÖÊÆÚ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ»¤·ôÆ·Åä·½ÓÅ»¯¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ²úÆ·µÄ´¿¾»¶È´Ó90%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË98%£¬ÏÔÖøÑÓ³¤Á˲úÆ·µÄ±£ÖÊÆÚ£¨zhang et al., 2021£©¡£
-
Ôö¼ÓÊг¡·Ý¶î£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÄܹ»°ïÖúÆóÒµÉú²ú³ö¸üÓÅÖʵIJúÆ·£¬ÌáÉýÆ·ÅÆÐÎÏó£¬Ôö¼ÓÊг¡·Ý¶î¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚʳƷ¼Ó¹¤ÐÐÒµÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ·´Ê½Ö¬·¾µÄº¬Á¿´Ó8%½µÖÁ²»µ½1%£¬ÏÔÖøÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄÊг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦£¨johnson et al., 2022£©¡£
2. Éç»áÐ§Òæ
2.1 ¸ÄÉÆ»·¾³ÖÊÁ¿
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»ÏÔÖø¼õÉÙÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖжԻ·¾³µÄÎÛȾ£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺
-
¼õÉÙ·ÏÆøÅÅ·Å£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÔÚ·´Ó¦¹ý³ÌÖв»»áÊÍ·ÅÈκÎÒìÎ¶ÆøÌ壬Äܹ»ÓÐЧ¼õÉÙvocsµÈÓк¦ÆøÌåµÄÅÅ·Å¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÒ©ÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃvocsµÄÅÅ·ÅÁ¿´Ó´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ50 mg/m?½µÖÁ²»µ½10 mg/m?£¬·ûºÏÅ·Ã˺ÍÃÀ¹úµÄ»·±£±ê×¼£¨krause et al., 2020£©¡£
-
¼õÉÙ·ÏË®ÅÅ·Å£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»¼õÉÙÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄ·ÏË®£¬½µµÍ¶ÔË®×ÊÔ´µÄÎÛȾ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ¹ûÖ³ÎÇå¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓüõÉÙÁË´«Í³³ÎÇå¼ÁµÄÓÃÁ¿£¬½µµÍÁË·ÏË®ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿£¨wang et al., 2021£©¡£
-
¼õÉÙ¹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»¼õÉÙÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄ¹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎ½µµÍ¶ÔÍÁÈÀºÍÉú̬ϵͳµÄÎÛȾ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÒ©Îï´¿»¯¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓüõÉÙÁË´«Í³´¿»¯·½·¨ËùÐèµÄÈܼÁÁ¿£¬½µµÍÁ˹ÌÌå·ÏÆúÎïµÄ²úÉú£¨brown et al., 2021£©¡£
2.2 ÌáÉý¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µË®Æ½
µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÄܹ»ÏÔÖøÌáÉý¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µË®Æ½£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ã棺
-
¼õÉÙÓк¦ÎïÖÊÉãÈ룺µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÄܹ»È·±£²úÆ·µÄ¸ß´¿¶ÈºÍ°²È«ÐÔ£¬¼õÉÙÓк¦ÎïÖʵÄÉãÈë¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚʳƷ¼Ó¹¤¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ·´Ê½Ö¬·¾µÄº¬Á¿´Ó8%½µÖÁ²»µ½1%£¬ÏÔÖø½µµÍÁËÏû·ÑÕßÉãÈëÓк¦ÎïÖʵķçÏÕ£¨johnson et al., 2022£©¡£
-
¼õÉÙÖ°Òµ²¡·¢ÉúÂÊ£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÄܹ»¼õÉÙÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄÓк¦ÆøÌåºÍ·Û³¾£¬½µµÍÖ°Òµ²¡µÄ·¢ÉúÂÊ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚÒ©ÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃvocsµÄÅÅ·ÅÁ¿´Ó´«Í³´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ50 mg/m?½µÖÁ²»µ½10 mg/m?£¬ÏÔÖø¸ÄÉÆÁ˹¤×÷»·¾³µÄ¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿£¨krause et al., 2020£©¡£
-
ÌáÉýÉú»îÆ·ÖÊ£ºµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÄܹ»Éú²ú³ö¸üÓÅÖʵIJúÆ·£¬ÌáÉý¹«ÖÚµÄÉú»îÆ·ÖÊ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ»¯×±Æ·Éú²ú¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄʹÓÃʹµÃ»¤·ôÆ·µÄ´¿¾»¶È´Ó90%Ìá¸ßµ½ÁË98%£¬ÏÔÖøÌáÉýÁ˲úÆ·µÄʹÓÃÌåÑ飨zhang et al., 2021£©¡£
½áÂÛÓëÕ¹Íû
×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Áƾ½èÆä¶ÀÌØµÄÎïÀíºÍ»¯Ñ§ÌØÐÔ£¬ÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ·½ÃæÕ¹ÏÖÁ˾޴óµÄDZÁ¦¡£Í¨¹ý¶Ô´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÎí»¯ÂÊ¡¢ÎÞζÐÔ¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÐÔ¡¢Îȶ¨ÐԺͻ·¾³ÓѺÃÐÔµÄÓÅ»¯£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á²»½öÄܹ»ÏÔÖøÌá¸ß²úÆ·µÄ´¿¶ÈºÍÖÊÁ¿£¬»¹ÄܽµµÍÉú²ú³É±¾¡¢¼õÉÙ»·¾³ÎÛȾ£¬ÌáÉý¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µË®Æ½¡£ÔÚʳƷ¼Ó¹¤¡¢Ò½Ò©ÖÆÔì¡¢»¯×±Æ·Éú²úµÈ¶à¸öÐÐÒµÖУ¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÒѾȡµÃÁËÏÔÖø³ÉЧ£¬Î´À´ÓÐÍûÔÚ¸ü¶àÁìÓòµÃµ½ÍƹãºÍÓ¦Óá£
È»¶ø£¬¾¡¹ÜµÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁÒѾȡµÃÁËÒ»¶¨µÄ½øÕ¹£¬µ«ÆäÑо¿ºÍÓ¦ÓÃÈÔÈ»ÃæÁÙһЩÌôÕ½¡£ÀýÈ磬ÈçºÎ½øÒ»²½Ìá¸ß´ß»¯¼ÁµÄÑ¡ÔñÐÔºÍÎȶ¨ÐÔ£¬ÈçºÎ½µµÍ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ³É±¾£¬ÈçºÎÀ©´óÆäÓ¦Ó÷¶Î§µÈ£¬¶¼ÊÇδÀ´Ñо¿µÄÖØµã·½Ïò¡£´ËÍâ£¬Ëæ×Å»·±£ÒªÇóµÄ²»¶ÏÌá¸ß£¬¿ª·¢¸ü¼ÓÂÌÉ«¡¢¿É³ÖÐøµÄ´ß»¯¼ÁÖÆ±¸·½·¨Ò²³ÉΪÁËÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄÑо¿¿ÎÌâ¡£
Õ¹ÍûδÀ´£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ·¢Õ¹½«ÒÀÀµÓÚ¶àѧ¿ÆµÄ½»²æºÏ×÷£¬°üÀ¨»¯Ñ§¡¢²ÄÁÏ¿ÆÑ§¡¢¹¤³ÌѧµÈÁìÓòµÄ¹²Í¬½ø²½¡£Í¨¹ý²»¶Ï´´Ðºͼ¼ÊõÍ»ÆÆ£¬µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼Á±Ø½«ÔÚÌáÉý²úÆ·Æ·ÖÊ¡¢±£»¤»·¾³ºÍ´Ù½øÉç»á¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹·½Ãæ·¢»Ó¸ü¼ÓÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óá£ÎÒÃÇÆÚ´ý¸ü¶àµÄ¿ÆÑÐÈËÔ±ºÍÆóҵͶÈëµ½ÕâÒ»ÁìÓòµÄÑо¿ºÍ¿ª·¢ÖУ¬¹²Í¬Íƶ¯µÍÎí»¯ÎÞζ´ß»¯¼ÁµÄ¹ã·ºÓ¦Óúͷ¢Õ¹¡£

